Tugas Softskill B.Inggris 2 Review Artikel

Nama : Salsabila Asyifa
Kelas : 3EB24
NPM: 29214956

Review Article 8

Colorectal cancer subtypes: Translation to routine clinical pathology

Highlights

·         •Consensus Molecular Subtypes of CRC utilize mRNA profiling.

·         •mRNA profiling is not easily translated to the clinical setting.

·         •Phenotypic features of CRC are the most prognostic and easily translated to clinic.

·         •Phenotypic subtyping could be the first step towards precision medicine for CRC.

Abstract

Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the second most common cause of cancer death in Europe. Although outcomes have improved, it is clear that from a genomic standpoint CRC is not one disease, but a heterogeneous group of malignancies that arise within one organ. Given that different subtypes have different outcomes, the ability to subtype tumours in the clinic would be highly favourable, enabling optimal treatment for individual patients. In 2015, a consortium proposed four consensus subtypes for CRC (MSI immune, canonical, metabolic, and mesenchymal) based on six classifications systems reported to have prognostic value. However, genomic assessment of tumours is not readily translated into routine pathology with a need for standardisation and reproducibility of assessment. Immunohistochemistry is widely used in routine pathology, and would present a more readily translatable method for subtyping CRC tumours. Therefore, the literature was reviewed to characterise the genomic and phenotypic features associated with each subtype, with the aim of enabling subtyping of CRC to be taken forward into routine clinical practice.

Keywords:

Colorectal cancer, Molecular subtypes, Genomic, Phenotypic, Translational

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Source: http://www.cancertreatmentreviews.com/article/S0305-7372(17)30064-6/fulltext

Tugas Softskill B.Inggris 2 Review Artikel

Nama : Salsabila Asyifa
Kelas : 3EB24
NPM: 29214956

Review Article 7

State of the art on oocyte cryopreservation in female cancer patients: A critical review of the literature

Highlights

• •Physicians should discuss fertility preservation with women facing gonadotoxic therapies.
• •Data about the efficacy of oocyte cryopreservation in cancer patients are lacking.
• •Results in non-oncologic patients can be reasonably translated in the cancer setting

Abstract

During the last decades, important advances in therapeutic options have led to increased survival rates in cancer patients; however, cancer treatments are associated with several potential adverse effects including infertility in those diagnosed during their reproductive years. A proper discussion about fertility preservation options before the use of therapies with potential gonadotoxicity (i.e. oncofertility counseling) is standard of care and should be offered to all patients of childbearing age. Temporary ovarian suppression with LH-RH analogs, oocyte and embryo cryopreservation are standard strategies for fertility preservation in female cancer patients. Oocyte cryopreservation should be preferred to embryo cryopreservation when this latter is prohibited by law, avoided for ethical or religious issues and in single women refusing sperm donation. Despite the increasing use of this strategy, data are still lacking about the efficacy and safety of the procedure in female cancer patients, with most of the evidence on this regard deriving from infertile non-oncologic women. This article aims at critically review the available evidence about the success of oocyte cryopreservation in female cancer patients with the final goal to further improve the oncofertility counseling of these women.

Keywords:

Oncofertility, Oocyte cryopreservation, Gonadotoxic therapies, Pregnancy after cancer

 

 

 

 

 

 

Source: http://www.cancertreatmentreviews.com/article/S0305-7372(17)30067-1/fulltext

Tugas Softskill B.Inggris 2 Review Artikel

Nama : Salsabila Asyifa
Kelas : 3EB24
NPM: 29214956

Review Article 6

Mantle cell lymphoma – Current standards of care and future directions

Highlights

• High-dose cytarabine is a standard of care for induction in patients eligible for intensive therapy.

• Bendamustine-rituximab is a standard of care for patients not eligible for intensive therapy.

• Ibrutinib is a standard of care for previously treated mantle cell lymphoma.

• Future trials should build upon existing standards of care. Phase III trials are required to evaluate potential new standards of care.

Abstract

Over the past decade we have seen significant changes in the biological characterization and strategies for treatment of mantle cell lymphoma (MCL). MCL is heterogeneous a disease, and so are the people that have it; although guidelines are appropriate, therapeutic approaches must be individualized based on a variety of factors. In this review, we summarize data on the range of therapeutic options, from observation in patients with slowly progressive low-tumor-burden MCL, to bendamustine-based regimens in typical MCL, to high-dose cytarabine-based regimens in young, fit patients. The management of previously treated MCL is evolving with the availability of new agents and more changes are expected. Several recent and ongoing clinical trials have the potential to provide new options for patients and are discussed as future directions. Additionally, prognostic tools, measurement of minimal residual disease, and assessment of toxicity are already common research tools and may soon impact therapeutic strategies as a standard of care. Indeed, there has never been a time that management of MCL was as complicated while the promise for real improvements in outcomes is so great.

Keywords

• Mantle cell lymphoma;
• Treatment;
• Chemotherapy;
• Transplant;
• Maintenance;
• Prognosis

 

 

 

 

Source: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S030573721730097X

Tugas Softskill B.Inggris 2 Review Artikel

Nama : Salsabila Asyifa
Kelas : 3EB24
NPM: 29214956

Review Article 5

Bruton’s tyrosine kinase (BTK) as a promising target in solid tumors

Highlights

• BTK is a TEC-family kinases member, expressed in lymphocytes and other cell subtypes.

• TEC kinases inhibition by Ibrutinib has promising results in cancer cellular models.

• Ibrutinib is able to modify the tumor microenvironment with therapeutic implications.

• BTK inhibitors may have synergistic effect with other active drugs in solid tumors.

Abstract

Bruton's tyrosine kinase (BTK) is a non-receptor intracellular kinase that belongs to the TEC-family tyrosine kinases together with bone marrow-expressed kinase (BMX), redundant-resting lymphocyte kinase (RLK), and IL-2 inducible T-Cell kinase (ITK). All these proteins play a key role in the intracellular signaling of both B and T lymphocytes. Recently, some preclinical data have demonstrated that BTK is present in certain tumor subtypes and in other relevant cells that are contributing to the tumor microenvironment such as dendritic cells, macrophages, myeloid derived suppressor cells and endothelial cells. Ibrutinib (PCI-32765) is an orally available small molecule that acts as an inhibitor of the BTK and is approved for the treatment of patients with some hematological malignancies. It has been suggested that ibrutinib may also have a potential antitumor activity in solid neoplasms. In this sense, ibrutinib has the ability to revert polarization of TCD4+ to Th1 lymphocytes to increase the cytotoxic ability of T CD8+ and to regulate tumor-induced immune tolerance by acting over tumor infiltrating cells activity and immunosuppressive cytokines release. Furthermore, based on its molecular activity and safety, ibrutinib has been considered as a partner for treatment combination with PI3K/AKT/mTOR inhibitors or with immune-checkpoint inhibitors, inhibiting immunosuppressive signals from the tumor microenvironment, and overcoming the immune resistance to current anti-PD1/PDL1 immunotherapeutic drugs by the CXCR4/CXCL2 pathway regulation. Currently, a broad range of different studies are evaluating the activity of ibrutinib either as single agent or in combination in patients with solid tumors.

Keywords

• Ibrutinib;
• Bruton tirosine kinase;
• Solid tumors;
• Checkpoint inhibitors;
• Tumor microenvironment;
• TEC kinases

 

 

Source: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0305737217300993

Tugas Softskill B.Inggris 2 Review Artikel

Nama : Salsabila Asyifa
Kelas : 3EB24
NPM: 29214956

Review Article 4

Limitations and opportunities for immune checkpoint inhibitors in pediatric malignancies

Highlights

• Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICI) have achieved a great success in adult cancers.

• There is growing interest in ICI for pediatric malignancies.

• There are significant barriers for successful pediatric integration of ICI.

• Combination with other treatment modalities could be a promising option.

Abstract

Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICI) have shown great promise in a wide spectrum of adult solid and hematological malignancies, achieving objective tumor responses and prolonging survival. However, there is limited clinical success amongst pediatric patients. In this review, we summarize the current understanding of ICI and present an up-to-date overview of recent and ongoing clinical trials of ICI in pediatric malignancies. In addition, we will discuss immunologic and clinical difficulties in this young population, as well as future prospects for combination of ICI with other immune-based and conventional treatments.

Keywords

• Immune checkpoint inhibitor;
• Immunotherapy;
• Programmed death receptor-1 (PD-1);
• Programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1);
• Cytotoxic T lymphocyte antigen-4 (CTLA-4)

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Source: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0305737217300865

Tugas Softskill B.Inggris 2 Review Artikel

Nama : Salsabila Asyifa
Kelas : 3EB24
NPM : 29214956

Review Article 3

Pros and cons of rituximab maintenance in follicular lymphoma

Highlights

• MR delays progression of disease in FL, although its cost/benefit ratio remains controversial.

• Favoring MR: Prolonged PFS, trend to OS benefit in meta-analysis, without compromising QoL.

• Against MR: Lack of OS benefit in individual trials, increase toxicity/cost, no improvement in QoL

Abstract

Follicular lymphoma (FL) is the most prevalent indolent non-Hodgkin lymphoma. Most patients present with advanced disease and are incurable with current therapy. The approval of rituximab has revolutionized the treatment of follicular lymphoma when administered in the induction setting for high-tumor burden disease, but the use of rituximab as a maintenance therapy (MR) continues to be a point of controversy. In this article, we review the main data and arguments in favor and against MR in FL. In summary, most studies have demonstrated a significant benefit in progression-free or event-free survival in this notoriously recurrent disease; however, long-term outcomes could not consistently demonstrate to be improved with this intervention. In a meta-analysis of randomized trials overall survival (OS) showed a tendency to improvement when given to patients in relapse, but no single study reached a significant OS advantage. The risk of high-grade transformation does not seem to be reduced in prospective trials. On the other hand, MR clearly increases toxicity without an improvement in quality of life. Finally, MR is expensive, and it is not proven that the delayed relapse time can compensate for these costs. In conclusion, despite the proven increase in progression-free survival, MR can’t be recommended as a standard for the treatment of FL.

Keywords

• Follicular lymphoma;
• Maintenance therapy;
• Rituximab

 

 

 

 

 

Source: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0305737217300968

Tugas Softskill B.Inggris 2 Review Artikel

Nama : Salsabila Asyifa
Kelas : 3EB24
NPM : 29214956

Review Article 2

Prognostic role of pretreatment blood neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio in advanced cancer survivors: A systematic review and meta-analysis of 66 cohort studies

Highlights

• 66 cohorts with over 14 cancer types representing 24536 participants are included.

• High pretreatment NLR is associated with poor prognosis in advanced cancer.

• The impact of petreatment NLR remains consistent when adjusted for confounders.

• Large-scale prospective studies of specific cancer type are strongly advocated

 

Abstract

Neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR) is crucial for the incidence and mortality of various tumors. However, little is known on NLR and its association with prognosis in advanced tumors. Here we performed a meta-analysis to establish the prognostic significance of pretreatment blood NLR for advanced tumors.

Keywords

• Neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR);
• Prognosis;
• Advanced cancer;
• Meta-analysis

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Source: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0305737217300853

Tugas Softskill B.Inggris 2 Review Artikel

Nama : Salsabila Asyifa
Kelas : 3EB24
NPM : 29214956

Review Article 1

When no treatment is the best treatment: Active surveillance strategies for low risk prostate cancers

Highlights

• Active surveillance is a standard approach for managing low grade, organ-confined prostate cancers.

• Careful selection and close monitoring of eligible patients is necessary.

• Magnetic resonance imaging is a useful tool for stratifying risk and for monitoring men on active surveillance

Abstract

Although the incidence of prostate cancer is rising due to PSA screening and increased life expectancy, the metastatic potential of low-grade, organ-confined disease remains low. An increasing number of studies suggest that radical treatment in such cases confers little or no survival benefit at a significant cost to morbidity. Active surveillance is a promising management approach of such low-risk cancers: eligible patients are selected based on clinical and pathological findings at diagnosis and are regularly monitored with digital rectal examinations, PSA testing and biopsies. Treatment, however, is deferred until and unless there is evidence of disease progression. This is a key difference from watchful waiting, where treatment is avoided until and unless there are symptoms. The purpose of this work is to review the rationale and evidence behind active surveillance and to offer an overview of current active surveillance strategies and outcomes.

Keywords

• Prostate cancer;
• Active surveillance;
• Clinically significant cancer;
• Reclassification;
• Magnetic resonance imaging

 

 

 

 

 

 

Source: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0305737217300841

Tugas Softskill B.Inggris 2

Nama : Salsabila Asyifa
Kelas : 3EB24
NPM : 29214956

What Is Toefl?

 

TOEFL is an acronym of the Test of English as a Foreign Language, which is the official name for the test. It assesses your ability to both speak and understand English by analysing your English ability in terms of reading, speaking, listening and writing. These are all skills which will be needed to carry out your academic studies and the test is used by institutions to ensure students are able to proceed and succeed on their chosen course in a country where the curriculum is taught in English.

The TOEFL test is usually conducted in the form of an online test, but if the test centre does not have an internet connection then a paper-based test can be offered.



Tugas Softskill B.inggris 2

Nama: Salsabila Asyifa
Kelas: 3EB24
NPM: 29214956

Karangan Bebas

Vacation

On 16th of August 2014 my friends and I decided to take a vacation to the Kiluan bay, South Lampung. This vacation was planned to celebrate a farewell party for our friends who were going to continue their study in Java. Well maybe this was our last moment to have vacation together. Because we believed that it would be difficult to gather again.One day earlier, Friday August 15, we stayed at our friend’s home first. On the next day, we went there by motorcycle. The trip we travelled was quite difficult. So we spent 4 hours to arrive there. Having arrived there, we took a rest and prayed dhuhur. Afterwards, we crossed the Kiluan bay using a small boat to the Kiluan Island. It was an incredibly beautiful view. natural sea and clear sea water surface were the main attraction for me.

It only took 20 minutes to arrive the Kiluan Island. Once there, we rented a cottage and set up a tent for our night there. After Ashar prayer, we sat under the trees on the beach, enjoying our afternoon with the buzzing of the waves. We spent that night with joking and singing, of course, with baking fish for our dinner. It’s been 2 am we mingled with the beach. Finally, each one of us were crashed too, defeated by great drowsiness. Just the three of us who still survived until dawn came.

in the morning, a small boat picked up us to take us to see dolphins, Yup, There were a lot of dolphins, and this was the main attraction for tourists visiting here. However, I decided to go around the Kiluan Island alone. I was more interested in interacting with nature with my silence. It’s beautiful creation of my Lord, I thought. That day passed very quickly, we had to go home before night

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It’s a very short vacation, but I hope one day we can meet again and vacation together in a more beautiful place